Introduction
Some years ago I saw the effigy of
Sir William Brus in the church of Pickering, North Yorkshire. Recently I
decided to try and discover who he was, only to find out that the Brus family
of Pickering is not well documented. The family bore a famous name, but their
origins are obscure. They were not major landholders and never rose above
knightly status. The family died out in the male line in the early fifteenth
century and they have received little attention from modern genealogical
researchers. I have found two printed pedigrees of the family, one by Surtees[1]
and the other by Foster[2].
Neither provides much detail and this article is an attempt to provide some
information to researchers and give some brief details of their descendants.
The tomb of Sir William
de Brus in Pickering Church
The baronial Brus family had
large land holdings in North Yorkshire early in the twelfth century. Their caput was at Skelton castle, about
thirty miles from Pickering, and it is from this family that the Pickering
branch sprang, but exactly how is shrouded in mystery. There are two main
possibilities regarding their origin:-
a) Descent from Isabel de Brus
It is possible that the family were
the descendants of Isabel daughter of Adam Brus II of Skelton, sister of Peter
de Brus I. She married firstly Henry de Percy and was the mother of his heir
William and his brother Henry. After Henry Percy's death in 1198, she married
secondly, Sir Roger Mauduit and by him had a son Robert, who took his mother's
name of Brus[3].
Robert de Brus, the son of Roger
Mauduit and Isabel de Brus was probably born in the early years of the
thirteenth century. He and his father attest several charters of William de
Percy (died 1245) and it appears that both of them were employed in William’s
household. Robert de Brus attests one charter of William de Percy to Sallay
abbey as William’s chamberlain (camerarius)[4].
About 1243, William de Percy, gave 10
librates of land in Tadcaster to Roger Mauduit which were to be held after his
death by Robert de Brus his son and heir and Robert’s legitimate heirs[5].
At an inquisition held in January
1246 concerning rents in Tadcaster granted by William de Percy, the jurors
found that William de Percy gave to Roger Mauduit and Robert his son, and the
issue of Robert, twenty shillings rent to be received yearly in the mills of
Tadcaster, and that they were in seisin for two years before William’s death[6].
At the Assizes held at York, at Easter, 30 Henry III. (1246), Elena, widow of
William de Percy, claimed against Robert de Brus the third part of ten librates
of land and 20 shillings rent in Tadcaster as dower[7].
At another inquisition held in 1258-9, concerning the extent of the manor of Tadcaster,
it was found that Robert de Brus received part of a yearly rent from the mills
of Tadcaster[8].
From the above two inquisitions
we can be certain that Roger Mauduit was alive in 1243, and that his son Robert
de Brus was living in 1258. What is not so certain is that the following
records concerning Robert de Brus refer to the same man, but it seems possible.
The argument against this origin for the family, is that there is no evidence
that the Brus family of Pickering was ever holding land or rents in Tadcaster.
b) Descent from Brus of Annandale
The shield of Sir William de Brus on his tomb in Pickering
church bears his arms, which are the same as those of the Annandale branch of
the Brus family, who later became kings of Scotland: a saltire engrailed with a
chief indented. The family of Brus of Skelton bore as their arms a lion
rampant. This suggests a descent from the Annandale branch of the family, but
there is no other evidence and some sources seem to suggest that the Skelton
Brus family may have also used these arms.
Robert de Brus of Pickering
On 23 April 1265, Robert de Brus
was one of the jurors at an enquiry taken at Snainton (about 8 miles east of
Pickering) to determine if the Prior of Malton owed suit of court for a
tenement in Newton [by Pickering], held by William son of Thomas de Pickering[10].
On 5 January 1267, Robert de Brus
of Pickering had a safe conduct coming to the king’s court until midsummer, “provided
that the king has not given his lands”[11].
This suggests that Robert had been involved in the baron’s war against Henry
III. There is no record of any subsequent fine or sequestration of his lands.
If Robert de Brus of Pickering was the same person as Robert son of Isabel de
Brus, he must have been around sixty years of age in 1267 and may have died
shortly afterwards.
Adam de Brus I of Pickering
Robert de Brus of Pickering
was succeeded by Adam, most probably his son. In 1276, Adam de Brus was recorded
in the Hundred Rolls as tenant of lands in Brompton by Sawdon and Snainton,
both to the east of Pickering[12]. At the time of Kirkby’s Inquest in 1284-5,
either he or his son Adam II was holding 2 bovates in Pickering Lythe of Roger
Bigod and 1 carucate in Helperthorpe of John fitz Reginald[13].
The two bovates in Pickering Lythe were most probably the same properties
recorded in the Hundred Rolls in 1276.
Adam de Brus died before 18
August 1284, when the bishop of Carlisle granted an indulgence for forty days
to all those parishioners in the Carlisle diocese, and others whose diocesan
bishops should approve, who shall say the Lord's Prayer and the Salutation of
the Blessed Virgin Mary for the soul of Adam de Bruce of Pickering, whose body
is interred in Pickering church, and for the souls of all the faithful departed[14]. At first sight it might seem surprising that
the bishop of Carlisle should issue such an indulgence and not the archbishop
of York. However, the bishop of Carlisle at this date was Ralph de Irton,
formerly prior of Guisborough priory which was originally founded by the Brus
family. It should also be noted that Adam’s son, Master William de Pickering
was rector of Torpenhow, Cumberland in the diocese of Carlisle[15].
It is possible that Masters William and Robert de Pickering received their
early education under Ralph de Irton in Guisborough priory.
Adam and his unknown wife had at
least five children:
- · Adam de Brus II, son and heir,
- · Master William de Pickering, Doctor of Canon Law, dean of York,
- · Master Robert de Pickering, Doctor of Civil Law, archdeacon of Nottingham, dean of York,
- · Cecily de Brus who married Bernard de Bergh,
- · Peter de Brus, a clergyman.
Adam de Brus II
A year or so after his father’s
death, Adam de Brus began purchasing property in the vicinity of Pickering. At Michaelmas 1285 he bought land in
Barton-le-Willows from Peter de Ros and Peter his son[16].
In March 1288, William son of William de
Habton rented lands in Habton to Adam son of Adam le Brus of Pickering[17].
William de Habton’s son Alan was married to Adam’s niece Maud de Bergh,
daughter of Adam’s sister Cecily. In 1294, Adam bought more land in
Barton-le-Willows, and in 1298 he purchased property in Ellerburn[18].
Adam was employed as one of the
verderers of the royal forest of Pickering, but the money that Adam used to
purchase these properties almost certainly came from his two brothers, Master
Robert and Master William de Pickering, who both held many lucrative
ecclesiastical benefices. In 1313, the annual value of Robert de Pickering’s
benefices amounted to £106 13s. 4d[19].
In the Yorkshire lay subsidy of 1301, Adam de Brus was holding lands taxed at
14s. 3d. in the liberty of Pickering and 5s. 6d. in Hutton [Buscel] and Preston[20].
In 1300, Adam de Brus was
returned from the Wapentake between Ouse and Derwent, in the County of York, as
holding lands, either in capite or otherwise, to the amount of £40 yearly value
and upwards, and as such was summoned under the general writ to perform
military service against the Scots and to muster at Carlisle on the Nativity of
St. John the Baptist 28 Edward I (24 June 1300). Adam was again summoned for
military service in 1301[21].
Adam married Maud, daughter and
heiress of Simon Ughtred and granddaughter of Roger Ughtred of Scarborough,
Yorkshire[22]. Adam
died before 13 October 1305, when the sheriff of York was ordered to cause a
verderer for the forest of Pickering to be elected in place of Adam de Brus,
deceased[23].
His widow survived him for many years. On 23 October 1320, Maud de Brus had
licence from William Melton archbishop of York to have divine service
celebrated "in honesto oratorio suo infra manerium de Preston in par. de
Hoton Bushel[24]."
In 1332, she sold a messuage in Scarborough to her relative Robert de
Scarborough[25].
Adam
and Maud had two sons,
- · Sir William de Brus, son and heir,
- · Robert de Brus.
Sir William de Brus I
William son of Adam de Brus was
born between 1295 and 1300. He became a soldier from an early age. On 4 August
1319, William de Brus going to Scotland with Thomas Wake, had a protection
until Christmas[26]. His
arms appear in the "Boroughbridge Roll", now considered to have been
drawn up in connection with a tournament held during the Berwick campaign of
late 1319. The arms of Sire William de Brus are described in the roll as,
'Gules a saltire engrailed argent and a chief indented argent'[27],
the same as those appearing on his tomb in Pickering church.
In June 1327 and October 1334, he
had protections, going to Scotland with Henry de Percy[28].
On 29 August 1330, William de Brus, at the request of Henry de Percy, had
exemption for life from being put on assizes, juries or recognisances, and from
appointment as mayor, escheator, sheriff, coroner or other minister of the king
against his will[29].
Sir William Brus founded a
chantry in the church of Pickering for the souls of himself and Matilda his
wife, Adam and Matilda, his parents, Mr. William and Mr. Robert de Pickering,
his ancestors and heirs, his uncles and aunts, and William and Alexander de
Bergh[30].
On 4 July 1334, he had licence for the alienation in mortmain of five messuages,
a toft, four bovates of land and 9s. of rent, in Pickering, Middleton and Kingthorpe
[both near Pickering], to a chaplain to celebrate divine service daily in the
parish church of Pickering for the souls of the said William and his ancestors[31].
On 30 January 1335, William Brus,
and his heirs, received a grant of free warren in all their demesne lands in
Barton, Yorkshire[32].
On 13 June 1339, Sir William Brus, knight, granted to Sir Alexander de Bergh,
knight, [his cousin] the whole of his land in the village and territory of
Haterbergh [near Scarborough], paying annually to the said William and his
heirs 13s. 4d[33].
He fought at the siege of Dunbar
with Henry de Percy in April 1338[34];
was defending Roxburgh castle in March 1340 and in the garrison of Edinburgh castle
in January 1341. In December 1341 and August 1342, he had protections going to
Scotland with Ralph de Neville[35].
On 28 May 1341, the sheriff of
York was ordered to pay to John de Sigston and William Brus, knights of that
shire, £17 12s. for their expenses in attending the parliament held at
Westminster on Monday after the quinzaine of Easter last, to wit forty-four
days at 4 shillings a day each[36].
On 16 July 1343 at an inquisition
into the knight's fees in Yorkshire held by William de Ros of Helmsley it was
found that William Brus, knight held two carucates and four bovates of him in
Barton [le-Willows] in demesne and by service of a third part of a knight's fee[37].
Sir William de Brus married Maud,
who brought him the manor of Heworth near Aycliffe in county Durham in marriage.
He died before 7 May 1345, when Matilda, widow of Sir William Brus, knight
presented John Ampleford to the rectory of Thornton in Pickering Lythe
[Thornton Dale][38]. Maud
married secondly, Sir Alexander de Neville of Raskelf, Yorkshire, younger son
of Ralph de Neville of Raby and his wife Eupheme de Clavering. On 12 November 1354 an inquisition found that
Maud late the wife of William Brus, whom Alexander de Nevill married was
holding two carucates and four bovates of land in Barton of William de Ros by
service of a third part of a knight's fee[39].
The inquisition post mortem for
Durham of William Brus was taken on 15 March 1361, at the time when his son
William reached his majority. It was found that he held the manor of Heworth in
Aycliffe and William, aged 21, was his son and next heir.
William and Maud had two sons:
William and Maud had two sons:
- · Adam de Brus, died young,
- · Sir William de Brus, son and heir.
Sir William de Brus II
William, son of William de Brus
was born about 1339. He had an older brother, Adam who died in or before 1355, when
the bishop of Durham granted the custody of two-thirds of the manor of Heworth
during the minority of William brother and heir of Adam Brus to John de
Belgrave[40]. He
was presumably of age on 21 October 1360, when Alexander de Nevill and Matilda
his wife, granted to William Brus son of Matilda Brus, a messuage and all their
lands and tenements, etc. in Raskelf [41].
At the assizes held in Thirsk on
9 May 1362, William Brus of Barton and others were accused that on 28 April
1361, they came armed at night to the house of Thomas Stapleton at Husthwaite
and forced Thomas out of the house and beat him so that he despaired of his
life, against the king's peace. The sheriff was ordered to bring William and
the others before the justices at Northallerton on 18 May 1362[42].
On 30 October 1364, William Brus
of Barton by York owed £600 to Joan (del Strother) the widow of John de
Coupland, to be levied, in default of payment, of his lands and chattels in
Yorkshire[43].
Why William needed this huge amount of money, and how he intended to repay it,
is not apparent. His lands in Yorkshire certainly would not be sufficient to
pay off the debt.
William appears to have entered
the service of Sir John de Neville of Raby, Durham. He was knighted before
March 1370, when he witnessed a Neville charter[44].
On 12 May 1371, William Brus, knight, going to sea on the king's service with
John de Nevill, knight, the king's admiral, had protection for one year[45].
On 20 July 1372, William Brus, knight was one of the witnesses to a grant by
John de Neville, knight, lord of Raby, of all lands and tenements he held in
Raskelf, together with the reversion of Raskelf manor, which his mother held in
dower[46].
In June 1372 Sir John de Neville
was appointed one of the ambassadors to negotiate an alliance between Edward
III and John V, duke of Brittany, and in the following month he engaged to take
a force of 299 men-at-arms and 300 archers to Brittany in fulfilment of the
terms of the alliance. The expedition's departure was delayed until October,
apparently because of difficulty in assembling ships for transport. Neville was
appointed captain of Brest. The arrival of his expedition provoked the French
to invade the duchy and lay siege to Brest. The duke failed to come to its
rescue, and on 6 July 1373 Neville agreed to surrender the fortress if it were
not relieved within one month. He handed over twelve hostages as guarantors of
the agreement. Sir William de Brus was one of these hostages. In 1377,
Elizabeth, wife of William de Nevill of Pickhill, and Joan, wife of William Brus,
petitioned the King and stated that eight days after the feast of St John in
the King's forty-seventh year, (24 June 1373) their husbands were handed over
to the French as hostages for the salvation of Brest, by Lord [John] Neville,
then lieutenant of the town, who promised to have them released. They have been
in a harsh prison, often on point of death, for three years and their ransom
has been so high that it cannot be paid. Elizabeth and Joan ask the King and
council to ordain for their deliverance, and that they might be acquitted for
their losses and damages as reason demands[47].
It is not certain whether William
de Brus survived his imprisonment in Brittany. The inquisition post mortem for
Durham of William Brus was taken on 7 May 1379 at Bishop Auckland. William,
aged 6, was found to be his son and next heir[48].
William de Brus married Joan, who survived him and was
living in 1412, when she was holding lands in Barton[49].
William Brus
William Brus, the son and heir of
Sir William Brus and Joan, was born about 1373 as was found to be 6 years old
at the inquisition post mortem of his father for Durham taken on 7 May 1379[50].
In 1379, John de Popham received
a grant of the wardship and marriage of William, son and heir of William Brus
from Thomas Hatfield, bishop of Durham[51].
Glover's visitation pedigree of Marshall of Pickering says that William Brus
married Margaret Hawick, daughter of Walter Hawick of Little Eden, Easington,
Durham[52].
In the 13th year of the
Pontificate of Bishop Langley of Durham, 1419, William Brus had licence to
enfeoff William Selby of York and Robert Gamell' chaplain, of two parts of the
manor of Heworth, Durham, that they may grant the same to Robert son of the
same William Brus, and Isabella daughter of George Moubray [of Easby near
Stokesley] with remainders over[53].
In December 1424, William Brus,
esquire, the true patron, presented Marmaduke Lumley, LL.B, to the mastership
of the hospital of St. Mary in Bootham, outside the walls of York[54].
The hospital was founded by Robert de Pickering, dean of York, in 1315, and the
right of presentation of the master of the hospital was held by the Brus
family.
William Brus died before 29 June
1427, when the sheriff of Yorkshire was ordered to hold an election for a
verderer in the forest of Pickering instead of William Brus of Pickering, who
is dead[55].
The inquisition post mortem for
Durham of William Brus was taken on 19 December 1428 at Durham, where it was
found that Robert, aged 21, was his son and next heir[56].
Robert Brus
Robert, son of William Brus, esquire was born about 1406. He
married about 1419, Isabel, daughter of George Moubray of Easby, near
Stokesley, Yorkshire[57].
George Moubray’s sister Hawise, had
married as her first husband, William Selby, a rich merchant of York. In his
will, dated 20 July 1423 William Selby bequeathed a steel breastplate to Robert
Brus[58].
On 20 December 1429 and 28 August
1430, Robert Brus of Pickering was appointed one of the collectors of a tax of
1/10th and 1/15th in the North Riding of Yorkshire[59].
In or before 1436, Robert Brus
sold the manor of Heworth to William Hutton of Herdwick, who was pardoned in
1436 by the bishop of Durham for acquiring the manor and vill of Heworth-by-Aycliffe
from Robert Brus, esquire[60].
Robert Brus died in or before 1437.
His widow Isabel survived him for about 50 years. She made her will on 30 July 1477, wishing to
be buried in the nunnery of Clementhorpe, near York, near the tomb of her
sister Joan[61].
Robert Brus and Isabel left three daughters and co-heirs:
- · Isabel who married William Appleby,
- · Elizabeth who married Richard Eglesfield, of Farmanby, Yorkshire,
- · Maud who married Robert Brown, said to be of Hull, Yorkshire.
The heirs of Brus
The three co-heirs of the Brus
lands and their husbands sold some of their property soon after Robert’s death.
In 1438-9, Robert Browne and Maud
his wife, William Appleby and Isabella his wife, and Richard Eglesfield and
Elizabeth his wife, daughters and heirs of Robert Brus, granted their shares of
the advowson of the church of Thornton in Pickering Lythe to Sir William Eure,
knight[62].
It is difficult to trace the
subsequent descent of the Brus lands from contemporary documents. A few
glimpses are available, but not enough to trace the family trees with any
certainty.
The share of the Browns passed to
the family of Marshall. In 1483, the right of presentation to the mastership of
the hospital of St. Mary in York belonged to Sir William Eure, William
Eglesfield and Thomas Marshall[63].
The Applebys had evidently sold their share to Sir William Eure.
In January 1497, King Henry
presented to the mastership of the hospital by reason of the gift ‘pro hac
vice’, from John Eglesfield of Barton in Bulmershire and Thomas Marshall of Sheriff
Hutton[64].
In March 1557, the hospital of
St. Mary outside Bootham was in a ruinous condition and a licence was given by
Queen Mary for the premises to be converted into a grammar school, with the
agreement of the master and fellows and the patrons; William Eure, Thomas
Eglesfield of Barton le Willows and Richard Marshall of Butterwick[65]. It was also agreed that Eure, Eglesfield and
Marshall would have the right of presenting eight poor scholars to the school.
In March 1586, Thomas Marshall of
Standing Holme near Driffield, son and heir of Richard Marshall of Butterwick
sold his right of presentation to the school to the Dean and Chapter of York
for £20. Similar indentures were made by William Eure and his son Ralph in 1585
and by Francis Eglesfield of Barton le Willows, son and heir of Roger
Eglesfield, son and heir of Thomas Eglesfield in 1589[66].
The family of Brus of Pickering
has, no doubt, countless modern descendants through the families of Eglesfield
and Marshall.
© John M. Watson, 2014
[1] Robert Surtees, The History
and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham, vol. 3, 1823, 328.
[2] Joseph Foster, ed., The Visitation
of Yorkshire, Made in the Years 1584-85 : To Which Is Added the Subsequent
Visitation Made in 1612, by Richard St. George, Norroy King of Arms : With
Several Additional Pedigrees, 1875, 130 Pedigree of Marshall of Pickering.
[3] M. T. Martin, ed., The Percy
Chartulary, Surtees Society 117, 1909, 33 No. 57.
[4] Ibid., 144
No. 447.
[5] Ibid., 19
No. 24.
[6] William Brown, Yorkshire
Inquisitions of the Reigns of Henry III. and Edward I., Yorkshire
Archaeological Society, Record Series 13, 1893, 4.
[7] Ibid., 276.
[8] Ibid., 66.
[9] Walford D. Selby, The
Genealogist, New Series 2, 1885, 31.
[10] Robert Bell Turton, The
Honor and Forest of Pickering, North Riding Record Society, 4, New Series,
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[11] Calendar of Patent Rolls, Henry III,
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[12] W. Illingworth, ed., Rotuli
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[13] R. H. Skaife, ed., The
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Also Inquisitions of Knights’ Fees, the Nomina Villarum for Yorkshire, and an
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[14] David Michael Smith, English
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[15] William Brown, ed., The
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[16] F. H. Slingsby, ed., Feet of
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[17] Charles T. Clay, ed., Yorkshire
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[18] Slingsby, Feet of Fines
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[19] Calendar of Papal Registers Relating to
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[20] William Brown, ed., Yorkshire
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[21] Francis Palgrave, ed., The
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[22] J. W. Walker, ed., Yorkshire
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[23] Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward I, vol.
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[24] Brown, Yorkshire Lay Subsidy
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[25] William Paley Baildon, ed., Feet
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[26] Grant S. Simpson and James D.
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[27] Selby, The Genealogist,
31.
[28] Simpson and Galbraith, Calendar
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[29] Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III, vol.
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[30] W. H. Dixon, Fasti
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[31] Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III,
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[32] Calendar of the Charter Rolls Preserved in
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[33] William H. Turner, Calendar
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[34] Joseph Bain, ed., Calendar
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[35] Simpson and Galbraith, Calendar
of Documents Relating to Scotland, 5:512–515.
[36] Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III, vol.
6: 1341 - 1343 (1902), 144
[37] Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem,
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[38] Eric E. Barker, ed., The
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Canterbury and York Society 69, 1976, 12.
[39] Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem,
vol. 10, Edward III, 1921, 37, No. 45.
[40] Thomas Duffus Hardy, Thirty-First
Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (London: HMSO,
1870), 119.
[41] Ancient Deeds, Series B, E 326/3022.
[42] B. Haven Putnam, Yorkshire
Sessions of the Peace, 1361-1364, Yorkshire Archaeological Society, Record
Series 100, 1939, 123.
[43] Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III:
vol. 12: 1364-1369 (1910), 80.
[44] E 326/3675.
[45] Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward III,
vol. 15: 1370-1374 (1914), 84.
[46] Ancient Deeds, Series A, E 40/416.
[47] SC
8/261/13046.
[48] Thomas Duffus Hardy, Forty-Fifth
Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (London: HMSO,
1885), 162.
[49] HC Maxwell Lyte, ed., Inquisitions
and Assessments Relating to Feudal Aids, vol. 6 (London: HMSO, 1920), 550.
[50] Hardy, Forty-Fifth Annual
Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 162.
[51] Thomas Duffus Hardy, Thirty-Second
Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (London: HMSO,
1871), 294.
[52] Foster, Visitation of
Yorkshire, 1584-85 and 1612, 130.
[53] Thomas Duffus Hardy, Thirty-Third
Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (London: HMSO,
1872), 201.
[54] Joan Kirby, The York Sede
Vacante Register 1423-1426: A Calendar (York: Borthwick Institute, 2008),
43, No. 283.
[55] Calendar
of Close Rolls, Henry VI: vol. 1: 1422-1429 (1933), 300.
[56] Hardy, Forty-Fifth Annual
Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 170.
[57] Hardy, Thirty-Third Annual
Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 201.
[58] J. Raine, ed., Testamenta Eboracensia:
A Selection of Wills from the Registry at York, Part II, Surtees Society
30, 1855, 142n.
[59] Calendar of Fine Rolls, vol. 15:
1422-1430 (HMSO, London, 1935) 294, 331
[60] Hardy, Thirty-Third Annual
Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 137.
[61] J. Raine, ed., Testamenta
Eboracensia: A Selection of Wills from the Registry at York, Vol. III,
Surtees Society 45, 1864, 231–2.
[62] Report on the Manuscripts of
the Late Reginald Rawdon Hastings, Esq., of the Manor House, Ashby de La Zouche, vol. 1, Historical
Manuscripts Commission (London, 1928), 192–3.
[63] Barker, The Register of
Thomas Rotherham Archbishop of York 1480-1500, 1:37.
[64] Ibid.,
1:92.
[65] Calendar of Patent Rolls, Philip and
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